غلامعباس توسلی author text article 1994 per This article aims to criticise the approoah of orientalists and sociologists' to the so called unresolvable contradictions between Islam and capitalism. Orientalists and sociologists which were influenced by them believe That oriental societies are stagnant, whithout inner Dynamics and rulled by despotism. Islam is found guilty because the rigidity of Islamic discourse connot allow the new discourses of modernity to flourish. From Bossuet to Rodenson and Marx to Weber, western thinkers repeated This claim with nuances from time to time. this. article wants to disclose the contradictins and anomalies of these thinkers' one sided and Eurocentric narratives and To reveal that Islamic discourse and society is open to scientific novelty, both human and natural. oriental societies are stagnant, whithout inner Dynamics and rulled by despotism. Islam is found guilty because the rigidity of Islamic discourse connot allow the new discourses of modernity to flourish. From Bossuet to Rodenson and Marx to Weber, western thinkers repeated This claim with nuances from time to time. this. article wants to disclose the contradictins and anomalies of these thinkers' one sided and Eurocentric narratives and To reveal that Islamic discourse and society is open to scientific novelty, both human and natural. دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15605_97d8dfa8e85bf522ff333bf238ad98dd.pdf سیدمهدی ثریا author text article 1994 per A "Problem" is situation present in the frame of our awareness that we like to change but either we do not know how we are not able to. "Health problem" is any physical, social, or mental condition fell undesirable by individual or group, the change of which is hampered either by the lack of know how or suitable means. Thus, each "health problem" contains three elements: a) awareness, b) need, and c) lack of know how or mean. Each of these element are discussed and example are cited. Two kinds of "problem" are recognized: 1- Discrepancy between knowledge and attitude of the professional health workers and that of the client group, 2- health department's internal evalution of health department's activities, and if deemed necessary, reorganization of it's structure and function is suggested. دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15606_ad21affb2d4b6ab22665a7b972a24fbe.pdf محمد میرزایی author text article 1994 per In _he first part of this article an attempt is made to clarify the concept of the optimum population. The static concept of the optimum population versus the dynamic concept of the optimum population is discussed. The dynamic concept of the optimum population which looks for the most suitable rate of population growth is becoming more acceptable and has substituted the static cocept of the optimum population which was merely looking for an absolute number of population to express the optimum population. In the second part of the article high growth rate of the population of Iran during the last four decades is eleborated. The importance of the inclusion of the family planning programs in 1989-1993 development plan and the necessity of continuation of such programs in order to achieve a moderate and suitable low rate of population growth rate in Iran is emphasized. Finally, as a conclusion some of the theoretical characteristics of the optimum population are mentioned in this article. There is a general belief among the population scientists that what occured in the developed countries will ultimately occur in the developing countries. That is, following the drastic reduction in mortality in Africa, Asia, and the Latin America, the fertility will also reduce and the population growth rate will become moderate. Of course, the reduction of mortality and its consequence the reduction of fertility both occur in the context of socio-economic development. During the last decade, there has been promising signs of the reduction in fertility in many countries of Asia and the Latin America and Iran as well. The continuation of this trend will bring about an optimum level of population growth rate in the next century. دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15607_ddff403a9db5e7aadb6d8b71f1a97d36.pdf مصطفی ازکیا author text article 1994 per دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15608_cb9a9bf3a02b4017f6f5ebc66c4a8757.pdf مهدی طالب author text article 1994 per دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15609_ca6aca8a7017c495712986c8594b214b.pdf محمد توکل author text article 1994 per In this article after reviewing different definitions of technology and technology transfer, the problems of the existing modes of technology transfer especially to the third world is considered. the article then proposes the conditions for a successful transfer of technology, along with the misconsequences of unsuccessful technology transfer. In the last part of the article reference is made to the Iranian situation. دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15610_758436e7ff295b82220e44d03622d08c.pdf علیرضا محسنی تبریزی author text article 1994 per Theory of sociology, the essay The major goal of the essay can In a short glance at Durkheim's attempts to describe his theory of suicide. outlined as follow: . To specify the type of Durkheim ' s theory, as some sociologists (ie, R. Merton) have tried to atribute it to a middle-range theory. 2. To explain his basic concepts, major hypotheses, and main variables. 3. To describe his research method in study of suicide. 4. To point out his major research findings as well as the results of hypotheses testing. 5. To emphasis the importance of his attempt in constructing a theory in sociology. 6. To indicate his influence on those scholars and researchers who have followed Durkheil11's approach to suicide. 7. To evaluate critically his theory of suicide based on various theoretical and empirical insights. 8. To outline some of the weaknesses in his approach to suicide with some recommendation to their remedy. 1 دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15611_6fceb7951f5eabf6e4daf96cacf67169.pdf اصغر عسکری خانقاه author محمد شریف کمالی author text article 1994 per En appliquant des methodes dermatoglyphes palmaires chez des differentes populations iraniennes d'origine diverse, on arrive a cons tater des figures dessinees par les cretes dermo-epidermiques de la face palmaire de la main et des doigts. les differances entre deux mains donnent dans centatins cas des lingnes significatives, alors qu 'entre les populations masculines et feminines sont assez souvent non-significatives. La correlation parmi les caracteres recherches etait suffisamment significative dans toutes populations etudiees. L'analyse de distance et la presentation des lignes correspondent a une separation entre les populations etudiees et les documents historiques, avec la terminaison de la ligne D. N. B. Sue la paume de la main on distingue plusieurs sortes de dessins: - Sur l' eminence thenar; - Sur I' eminence hypothenar; - Sur les aires interdigitales; - Enfin sur la paume proprement dit. دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15612_3d98c13b95f5cb5bb9ba4688fe58454d.pdf ت. اینگولد author محسن ثلاثی author text article 1994 per - دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15613_eba2ce930f88bec1882e44a677b2e98b.pdf لویس کوزر author سعید سبزیان author text article 1994 per - دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15614_d520eea142d26d2316f8ba5ac38656a8.pdf محمدعلی یوسفی زاده author text article 1994 per It is commonly believed that anthropology is mainly concerned with the so called primitive societies and savage minds. After second world war some pioneering anthropologists applied the specific research methods of anthropology to urban studies. This stody critically examins the research methods of Warner, Mead, Forster, Kemp and Lynd, and concludes that urban anthropology needs a multi - dimentional methodology. دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15615_5560747ec7f3d87ac3a5cdf86ce219d6.pdf حسین کچوئیان author text article 1994 per This article concentrates on the reasons of failure of development plans in the third world in recent decades, and among them the emphsis is put on theoretical reasons. The main answer is that every failure or success that has been experienced in the area of planning development in these countries to a great extent has something to do with social sciences, particulary sociology. In the writer's view, when the planners of development after their initial failures moved toward a new defenition of development and understanding its varios social and cultural dimension they took a step in right direction. The early steps which become possible through sociological views, later were followed by other steps but never reach the final point. The last step according to this article is to place economic institution and economic behaviors in the social system as a whole - that is society. This aim will be possible through adapting a holistic position, and considering that economic behavior in addition to being a social structure and economic institution is a social institution, so it will provide proper situation to able sociologists to interfere actively and directly with planning developments. دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15616_978c229dc26e61902968ff9c953e0574.pdf محمود نبی زاده author text article 1994 per The article looks at consumer behavior in the light of economics, psychology, and sociology theories. It founded on the belief that no single theoretical stance can provide full explanation of complex human behavior such as those involved in purchasing and consuming. In the point of view of economics theories, buyer's behavior is determined by personal interest and choce. Economics man is a intellectual and rational creature and decission making functioning are goal directed process of information. This economics thought could not satisfy seller, business man, and marketing man whose consumers make irrational decission everyday. Psycologist see the causation of human behavior in their mental precursors rather than environmental consequenences. Although, psycology has made strong contribution to clarify consumer behavior, but are not able to go all the way through. Sociologist's contribution to buyer behavior laid behind this point that consumer behavior are strongly influenced by their social and cultural environmental consequences. Howard - Sheth theory of buyer behavior is a sophisticated integration of various social, psycological, and economics influences on comsumer choice into a coherent sequence of information processing. Some scientists as Grodon Foxall look of Howard - Sheth theory as a comperhensive modelling and criticized in view of the untestablility of many of it proposition - but still many of marketing scholars believe the Howard ¬Sheth model and the marketing world Still is dominated by the theory, sofar. دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15617_5c4d29414120f79b8afd8741d62266e8.pdf عذرا جاراللهی author text article 1994 per Iran is one of the countries that have been confronted whit the growth of additional population, recently. So it is important to research about effective factors on it. Although different factors such as health and clinical ones are interfered in vacillations of fertility and country's population, but initial studies showed that the situation of women's employment is one of the main reasones that influence the number of children. The main objective of the research is to assess the effect of female worker's employment on the number of children. It is obvious that this strata is one of the deprived one that often have many children. The hypothesis of the research is: The number of children that the employed women have are less than those of the unemployed ones. To test this hypothesis, the opinions and the children's number of two groups of women were compared: 1. The employed female workers III "Tolidaru Pharmaceutical Company" (130 women). 2. The housewives whose husbands were employed as workers in the above mentioned company (130 women). The required information was collected through questionnaires. The analysis of tables was done through the comparison of frequencies, percentages, chi-square,t student, cramer'_ s V, Phi and Gamma. The following results were achieved: The desired and the actual number of children that the employed women have are less than those of the unemployed ones. The increase in the number of children of the employed women is proportionate to the increase in the length of marriage, but it has an inverse correlation with the level of their education. There is not any relationship between the number of children and the income of the household or the age of the women. The number of children of the unemployed women is related to the following four factors, listed according to their degree of importance: The length of their marriage, the age of the women, the level of the education of the women and the household income. The level of education of the women has an inverse correlation with the numbers of the children, but the increase in other three factors is proportionate to its increase. دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15618_012d8de4f761351c3e02782170eb041d.pdf بیوک محمدی author text article 1994 per Cultures are patterned, that is the behavior of individuals fit certain models and follow some kind of order. Out of this point of view the pattern theory of culturl has emerged. Culturl patterns differ in many ways and consist variety of type. One of the major typology of cultural pattern is to organize them according to their being observable, articulate and unnoticed, un articulate ones. The later is usually and hidden difficalt to explicate and often unnoticed by the individuals practing them. There are different kind of silent pattern: Formal and informal patterns: silen pattern of culture many be formal or informal depending upon their explicity and generality. Burning characteristics of fire is an example of formal and attempt to dominate other in disise of giving advice friends is an example of informal silent pattern. Ideal and real patterns: Ideal are explanations that individuals provide for their behavior and real patterns are what they practice in actuality. Ideals are equivelents of what ought to be and reals correspond to what is: therefore, the later ones often remain unspoken and hence are silent. Linquistic patterns: patterns of language which are be lived to infuence the individual's perception and behavior through their structure and semantics are among the majar silent cultural pattrens. Common patterns: these are the underlying characteristics of individuals and groups that consider themselves diffrent and unfit to any pattern: artists have common traits, one of which is differeing from the rest of the population. Lalant patterns: patterns their intended manifest functions may have unintended and unnoticed functions. For example charity is a cultural pattern according to which people are supposed to assist others (manifest pattern), but by doing so they also to maintain status quo (latent function). Understanding silen cultural patterns helps scientist to understand cultural better and help individuals to understand themselves and their own collective unconscious sciaus as well. دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15619_92969f952fd0389cfda8fd19d7b53fb1.pdf جلال الدین رفیع فر author دیدیه گزنیدو author text article 1994 per Je liens a remercier Mr. Ie Professeur Rouholamini et Mr. Mirzai de la Facuite de Sciences Sociales de ltuniversite de Teheran et leurs collegues du departement d'Ethnologie, dtavoir bine vloulu mtinviter a faire une communication dans leur departement. Doivent ctre egalement remercies, MM. J. Rafifar et M. Kotobi pour avoir si aimablement accepte de Caire une traduction simultanee ainsi que les eludiantes et les etudiants pour avoir participe a ce seminaire. c' est cette court confernce, legerement remaniee, qui, se trouve ici resumee. D. Gazagnadou, dOCleur en Anthropolgie, licencie de philosophie, est maitre de conferences au department d' Anthropologie de I 'universite de Paris 8 et chercheur associe dans I' U.M.R 155 du C.N.R.S. Monde Iranien. II est I' auteur d ' articles et des livres sur des cas de diffusions culturells • et techniques: de l'Iran mongole vers Ie sultanat Mamelouk, du Monde arabe Vers L'Europe; sur des proble:mes de methode en Anthropologie historique. Ses recherches en Iran portent sur les techniques en general. Pour les periodes pe - moderne et contemporaine, leurs origines, leurs eventuels impacts sur les societe iraniane. Dans cette communication, D. Gazagnadou essye d'aborder, L'importance des diffusions technologiq ues en anthropologie historique. II nailS eclaire deja sur quatre points: de taus temps et en taus lieux, il y a des emprunts technologiques et que, c' est I 'un des elements qui voyage probablement Ie plus vile. pour qu'un objet technique se diffuse, il faut qu'il puisse s'agencer dans Ie nouveau complexe technico-culturel, c'est-a-d:re qu'il corresponde a l'univers mental, imaginaire, culturel de la societe ou du groupe emprunteur. que la technique possede sa propre logique, souvent irreversible et transformatrice du social, tout simplement a cause de l'efficacite qu'elle produit. que l'on ne peut separer la technique, meme la plus simple, de la science et du savoir en general, ce que malheureusement I'on oublie trap souvent en anthropologie des techniques. دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15620_7355f355fac2224e2d443ff191f9f9c0.pdf جی. بی. چیتامبار author مصطفی ازکیا author سیدمجید حسینی زاد author احمد حجاریان author text article 1994 per - دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15621_afdf6d213734250eb5b603c05998a5f3.pdf محمد توکل author text article 1994 per - دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15622_3e1ede4827dc40e332c4614dce824177.pdf unknown author text article 1994 per - دانشکده علوم اجتماعی - 7 v. 7 no. 1994 https://jnoe.ut.ac.ir/article_15623_ef3c971de35567b2ae5d27cb035f81c5.pdf